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Objective The aim of the present study was to estimate the quantitative contributions of carbonated beverages consumption to bone loss.Methods We pedormed computer searches of PubMed,Cochrane Library,EBSCO,CALIS to search for studies investigating the relationship between carbonated beverages and bone loss.For carbonated beverages investigated in a comparative way,we use random effect model to compute pooled odds ratios (ORs) and Cochran Q statistic to estimate the heterogeneity.Results A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and the relationships between carbonated beverages and bone loss were considered,including colas and bone loss.The following associations were found for carbonated beverages and low bone density (OR =1.28,95％ CI =1.02-1.60),carbonated beverages and bone fractures (OR =1.53,95％ CI =1.04-2.26),colas and bone fractures (OR =2.00,95％ CI =1.24-3.24).Condusion The present results indicate that carbonated beverages were associated with bone loss.This meta-analysis may have important public health implications given the widespread use of carbonated beverages.
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Objective TolearntheproteinintakestatusofadultsinZhejiangProvinceandtoinvestigatetherelationship between the protein intake and influencing factors,and in order to provide a scientific basis for improving adult protein intake.Methods Datawereselectedfromthe2010—2012ChineseNationalNutritionandHealthSurveyinZhejiang province.Data were gained through medical examination and the method of 3 day 24-hour dietary recall and food weighted record.Descriptiveanalysiswasconducted.Results Therewere1160men(48.09%)and1252women(51.91%)in 2 412 cases in this analysis.The average protein intake per day was 71.87 g for per reference man,and the intake quartile was 66.06(51.17-85.93)g/d and 38.14% of adults were not achieved the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI).The multi factor logistic regression analysis showed that age,region,income and occupation were the main factors affecting protein intake.Age was a risk factor,while income was a protective factor.Big cities were more easily to have insufficient protein intake than median and small cities.Students,agriculture,housework and other groups of adults were more easily to have insufficient protein intake.And 30.70% of dietary protein was from cereal,and 39.70% was from animal food. Sources of dietary protein were statistical significant among different areas and age.Protein intake from cereal among young people (29.60%),old people (29.95%),and people living in big cities (19.81%)was low.Protein intake from cereal among people living in medium and small cities (10.40%)was high.Young people (43.12%)and people living in big cities(52.87%)hadhigheranimalsourceprotein.Conclusion TheproteinintakeofadultsinZhejiangProvincewasnot achieved the RNI.It is important to conduct health educations according to the protein intake problems of different groups to improve their protein intake status.
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Objective To evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A among urban residents. Methods Using stratified random sampling method,a total of 400 residents from two cities in Zhejiang were selected. They were interviewed by questionnaire,also, the dietary survey, physical measurement and blood sample testing were used. According to Recommended Nutrient Intake( RNI)of vitamin A,to evaluate the intake of Vitamin A and analysis the nutritional status and influenc factors. Results The median of vitamin A concentration was 0. 463( inter-quartile range is 0. 213)μg/mL, and the percentage of severe vitamin A deficiency( VAD ),VAD,insufficiency and adequate serum vitamin A were 0. 25%,0. 50%,6. 75% and 92. 50% respectively. Among 299 individuals who participated in the dietary survey,the median of daily vitamin A intake was 350. 5( inter-quartile range was 351. 5)μgRE. Only 25. 42% of participants' dietary intake of vitamin A met the level of 80% RNI,while 61. 87% of peoples' daily intake of vitamin A under 60%RNI. Male, from the bigger city,older age,high level of triglyceride and more intake of cholesterol may contribute to a higher level of serum vitamin A. Conclusion The majority of urban residents had adequate vitamin A . But the intake of dietary vitamin A still should be paid more attention. Serum vitamin A was associated with age,gender and district.
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Dietary pattern has been revealed to be associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the association was not well documented in Chinese due to the complexity of Chinese foods. We mainly assessed the dietary patterns and examined their effects on metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults. Four dietary patterns including 'Refined Grains & Vegetables' Pattern, 'Dairy & Eggs' Pattern, 'Organ Meat & Poultry' Pattern, and 'Coarse Grains & Beans' Pattern were extracted. 'Dairy & Eggs' Pattern was associated with a decreased odds of metabolic syndrome in women, and 'Coarse Grains & Beans' Pattern was associated with a decreased odds of hypertension in men. These results provided a scientific basis for future research and dietary guideline perfection.
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Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Diet , Feeding Behavior , Food , Classification , Metabolic Syndrome , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective To understand the dietary intake of selenium and its influencing factors among rural and urban residents in Zhejiang province. Methods From 2010 to 2012,a total of 2,659 residents were selected from large urban sites,small-medium urban sites and rural sites in Zhejiang. Using 24 -hour dietary recall method,a 3 -day household dietary survey to analysis the dietary intake of selenium. Results The average daily dietary intake of selenium for residents aged 1-,4-,7 -,11 -,14 -,18 -,45 - and 60 - was 21. 96,26. 39,31. 62,35. 26,29. 39,41. 78,39. 12 and 38. 40 μg,respectively. According to formulation of Chinese Nutrition Society,the dietary selenium intake of 42. 56%juveniles and 52. 09% of adults was below the estimated average requirement( EAR). Significant statistical differences were found between normal group and insufficient dietary selenium intake group in terms of age,sex,region,level of education, per capita annual income,physical exercise and smoking status(all P<0. 01). Influencing factors of insufficient selenium intake were female(OR =1. 86,95%CI:1. 59 -2. 63),rural area( OR =1. 46,95%CI:1. 23 -1. 73),lower level of education(OR=0. 70,95%CI:0. 57 -0. 86)and lower income( OR =0. 72,95% CI:0. 60 -0. 88). Conclusion Influencing factors of dietary selenium intake are sex,region,level of education and per capita income. Dietary selenium supplement should be strengthened through a variety of ways,especially in target population.
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Objective To evaluate the vitamin D status of residents in two cities of Zhejiang province.Methods 442 participants from Hangzhou and Ningbo were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling method,then the blood samples were collected and the serum level of 25 -hydroxyl vitamin D [25 (OH)D]was detected by the method of radioimmunoassay to analyze the Vitamin D status.Results Median (25 th-75 th percentile)level of serum 25 (OH)D in subjects aged 6 -11,12 -17,18 -44,45 -59 and over 60 years were 53.19 (41.85 -64.89),48.76 (32.56 -60.52),59.91 (48.05 -72.79),68.67 (55.50 -78.07)and 70.97 (56.91 -84.65)nmol/L,respectively.The number of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D<25 nmol/L],insufficiency[25≤25(OH)D <50 nmol/L],normal [50≤25 (OH)D <75 nmol/L ],sufficiency [25 (OH )D ≥75 nmol/L ] were 2.95%,30.84%,44.22% and 22.00%, respectively.Conclusion The deficient and insufficient status of vitamin D is common among residents in two cities of Zhejiang province.Vitamin D nutrition situation should be improved.
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Objective To assess the dietary pattern and quality of residents in Zhejiang province.Methods 21 52 residents aged 1 8 -79 years old were selected using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method and the data from Chinese nutrition status monitoring project during 201 0 -201 2 was used.The results were evaluated using Chinese diet balance index.Results 41.08% of the residents in Zhejiang province was mild diet imbalance and 50.79% was middle diet imbalance while insufficient and excessive intakes were coexist.Mild and middle insufficient intakes were accounted for 66.1 7%and 27.88%respectively,while mild excessive intake was accounted for 35.55%.The diet balance indexes including DBI-LBS,DBI-HBS and DBI-DQD were 46.00,26.00 and 57.00 respectively.The dietary quality of males,rural areas was lower while residents aged 40 -49 years had the lowest dietary quality.There was positive correlation between dietary quality and degree of education (P<0.05 ).The main dietary pattern of residents in Zhejiang was pattern B (62.41%)following by pattern A (26.44%).Conclusion Insufficient and excessive intakes coexist among residents in Zhejiang province.Male,living in rural areas,people aged 40 -49 years or with lower degree of education should be taken as target intervention subjects.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the level of dietary iodine intake and its contribution in Zhejiang.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 9798 subjects were recruited in this survey with multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method in April, 2010, the 24-hours dietary recall method and the "food composition table" were used to obtain the dietary iodine intake, and edible salt and drinking water samples were collected to detect the content of iodine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 9798 subjects were included in this survey. The mean intake of dietary iodine in Zhejiang residents per standard man-days was (395.13 ± 78.16) µg/d, which in between of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) 150 µg/d and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) 1000 µg/d; the iodine intake of 18.40% (1803/9798) subjects was lower than estimated average requirement of iodine (EAR), 4.68% (459/9798) subjects was higher than the UL. The means of dietary iodine intake in various areas were (498.85 ± 96.77) µg/d, (384.50 ± 88.76) µg/d and (326.33 ± 78.32)µg/d in inland areas, sub-coastal areas and coastal areas, successively (F = 27.17, P < 0.05); the proportions of dietary iodine intake lower than EAR were 34.89% (1239/3551), 10.48% (370/3530) and 7.14% (197/2717) in coastal areas, sub-coastal area and inland areas, successively (χ(2) = 62.87, P < 0.01) , while those higher than UL were 5.10% (180/3530), 4.86% (132/2717) and 4.14% (147/3551) in sub-coastal area, inland areas and coastal areas.In the condition of ignoring cooking loss, the mean contribution of dietary iodine intake in edible salt, all kinds of food and drinking water were 74.92% (296.03/395.13), 23.85% (94.24/395.13) and 1.23% (4.86/395.13), successively; the contributions of edible salt in inland areas, sub-coastal areas and coastal areas were 83.72% (417.64/498.85), 73.05% (280.88/384.50) and 66.83% (280.09/326.33), successively; the contributions of drinking water in sub-coastal areas, coastal areas and inland areas were 1.61% (6.19/384.50) , 1.44% (4.70/326.33) and 0.65% (3.24/498.85) , successively (χ(2) = 7.24, P = 0.032) ; the contribution of laver in coastal areas, sub-coastal areas and inland areas were 22.57% (73.65/326.33), 17.11% (65.79/384.50) and 8.09% (40.36/498.85), successively (χ(2) = 82.17, P < 0.01) ; the contribution of sea fish in coastal areas, sub-coastal areas and inland areas were 2.38% (7.77/326.33), 0.72% (2.77/384.50) and 0.68% (3.39/498.85) (χ(2) = 19.47, P = 0.012).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The dietary iodine intake of Zhejiang residents was at recommended intake levels; the iodized salt turns out to be the main source, the iodine nutrition level was relatively low in coastal areas of Zhejiang, which the coverage of iodized salt should be improved.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , China , Diet Surveys , Drinking Water , Iodine , Nutritional Status , Rural Population , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Objective To assess the level of dietary iodine intake in three areas of Zhejiang and the related policy on universal salt iodization in the province.Methods The study involved 497residents from 180 families living in Hangzhou,Taizhou,Zhoushan cities,representing coastal and inland areas in Zhejiang province in 2009.A total diet study was applied to obtain the typical diet samples at three study areas through food consumption,aggregation,sampling and preparation processes.The contents of iodine in diet samples were determined by tetramethylammonium hydroxide extraction-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The amount of dietary iodine intake was calculated by timing the food consumption data and the iodine content in different dietary samples.The safety of dietary iodine intake was evaluated according to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) published by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2001.Results The dietary iodine intake of reference person in three areas of Zhejiang province was 421.0 μg/d.The levels of P5,P25,median,P75,P90,P95 dietary iodine intake were 145.7 μ g/d,267.6 μg/d,358.5 μg/d,495.6 μ g/d,774.1 μg/d and 1273.0 μg/d respectively.Daily dietary iodine intake at ＜RNI,RNI-UL,＞UL accounted for 5.2％,87.5％ and 7.2％ of all the participants respectively.Without considering the loss through cooking,salt iodine provided 81.6％ of the dietary iodine source.The resources of dietary iodine would include vegetables,cereals and marine food,proportionally,as 57.2％,13.0％ and 8.5％,respectively.Participants whose daily dietary iodine intake exceeded the UL level would consume more marine algae products than those whose dietary iodine intakes were lower than RNI or between RNI-UL.Conclusion Dietary iodine intake among most residents and their average level were among reasonable ranges.Meanwhile,deficiency and excess of iodine intake coexisted.Salt iodine was the main resource of dietary iodine.Participants whose dietary iodine intakes exceeding the UL level,would prefer consume more marine algae products.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake in 3 areas of Zhejiang province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the total dietary study method, the study was conducted in 3 regions which represented coastal, city and rural areas in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2010. The dietary survey was conducted on the residents (512 subjects) and the categories and volume of food consumption were obtained. The analytical food samples were obtained by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The food samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake was evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median dietary lead intake (P₅₀) in Zhejiang province was 37.8 µg/d. The 97.5% dietary lead intake (P₉₇.₅) was 72.3 µg/d. The P₅₀ dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 23.2 to 44.2 µg/d. The P₉₇.₅ dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 34.2 to 88.1 µg/d. The P₅₀ dietary cadmium intake in Zhejiang province was 9.6 µg/d. The P₉₇.₅ dietary cadmium intake was 15.7 µg/d. The P₅₀ dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 6.4 to 11.4 µg/d, accounting 15.6% - 42.6% of PTMI (provisional tolerable monthly intake, 25 µg/kg). The P₉₇.₅ dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 10.5 to 21.4 µg/d, accounting 27.5% - 77.6% of PTMI. Vegetable (11.3 µg), cereal (11.0 µg) and meat (9.8 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 84.9% of dietary lead (P₅₀: 37.8 µg/d). Cereal (3.6 µg), vegetable (2.1 µg) and legume (0.9 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 68.8% of dietary cadmium (P₅₀: 9.6 µg/d).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dietary lead and cadmium intakes of most residents in 3 areas of Zhejiang province as well as the average level are safe.</p>